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安全、可扩展和可升级的 Web3 基础设施
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随着全新的互联网基础设施区块链的崛起,开发者正以飞快的速度部署着数以万计的去中心化应用程序。遗憾的是,由于稳定性差、成本高、低吞吐量及一些安全问题,区块链尚未被广泛应用。为了能够在 Web3 时代被广泛使用,区块链基础设施应该效仿云基础设施的特点,即为众多的去中心化应用提供可信、可扩展、经济高效且持续优化的平台。
为应对这些挑战,我们以可扩展、安全、可靠和可升级为核心设计原则推出 Aptos 区块链。Aptos 区块链在过去三年中由全球 350 多名开发人员共同开发 [1]。它在共识、智能合约设计、系统安全、性能和去中心化方面提供了新的创新。这些技术的结合将为把 Web3 带向更广泛的人群提供一个坚实的基础:
1、Aptos 区块链原生集成并使用 Move 语言 来实现快速安全的交易执行 [2]。Move prover,一个用 Move 语言开发的智能合约形式化验证工具,为合约常量和运行提供额外保障。这种注重安全的做法,可以让开发人员能够更好地保护软件,以免受恶意实体的攻击。
2、Aptos 数据模型允许灵活的密钥管理和混合托管选项。这与签名前的交易透明性和实用的轻客户端协议一起,共同提供了更安全、更值得信赖的用户体验。
3、为了实现高吞吐量和低延迟,Aptos 区块链在交易处理的关键阶段使用了流水线和模块化方法。具体而言,事务分发、区块元数据排序、并行事务执行、批量存储和账本认证等操作会同时运行。这种做法充分利用了所有可用的硬件资源,提升了硬件效率,并实现了高度并行处理。
4、与需要读写前获取被读写数据而破坏交易原子性的并行执行引擎不同,Aptos 区块链没有对开发者设置这种限制。它通过保证复杂的交易的原子性,为应用程序提供更高的吞吐量和更低的延迟,并简化了开发。
5、Aptos 模块化架构保证了客户端的灵活性,并针对频繁的升级进行优化。此外,为了迅速部署新的技术创新和支持新的Web3使用案例,Aptos 区块链提供了嵌入式的链上变化管理协议。
6、Aptos 区块链正在试验未来超越单个验证器性能的举措:其模块化设计和并行执行引擎支持验证者的内部分片,而同质状态分片(homogeneous state sharding)提供了水平吞吐量可扩展的潜力,而不会给节点运营商带来额外的复杂性。
1. 序言
在 Web2 时代,诸如通讯、社交媒体、金融、游戏、购物以及音视频流媒体等服务, 是由掌握了用户数据权限的中心化公司来提供(例如 Google、Amazon、Apple 和 Meta)。针对目标用例,这些公司利用具备特定应用的软件,来优化开发基础设施,并利用云端基础设施向用户部署这些应用程序。云端基础设施可提供虚拟或物理基础设施服务的访问,例如虚拟机(VM)租用和在世界各地数据中心内运行的裸机硬件(例如 AWS,Azure,和 Google Cloud)。因此,建立能够扩大到数十亿用户的 Web2 互联网服务从来没有像今天这样容易。然而,Web2 要求用户明确信任中心化实体,这一要求愈发引起社会的担忧。
为了消除这种担忧,新的互联网时代已经开始:Web3。在 Web 3 版本的互联网中, 出现了区块链来提供去中心化、不可篡改的账本,让用户能够安全可靠地相互交流,而不需要信任控制中间人或中心化实体。与 Web2 互联网服务和应用程序依赖云基础设施类似,去中心化的应用程序可以使用区块链作为去中心化的基础设施层,从而触达全世界数十亿用户。
然而,尽管现已存在许多条区块链,但是 Web3 尚未得到广泛采纳[3]。虽然技术不断地推动着行业发展,但现有的区块链仍是不可靠的。昂贵的交易费用,低吞吐量,因安全问题资产经常遭受损失,并且无法支持实时响应。与云端基础设施赋能 Web2 服务,成功触达数十亿人群相比,区块链还并没有使得 Web3 应用达到同样的高度。
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