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详解去中心化存储系统代币经济学设计:Filecoin、Arweave、Storj 与 Sia
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第一家引入点对点(P2P)概念的是 Napster 公司:P2P 是一项中央化服务,将拥有特定音乐文件的人与寻求上述特定文件的人联系起来。然而,由于 Napster 公司被认为有侵犯版权的嫌疑,不久就被关闭了。
在 Napster 的启发下,加上对中心化的责任审查,类似的协议相继出现,比如 Limewire, Gnutella, Kazaa。但是这些分布式网络都采用半中心化管理,可以想见,他们都以失败告终。不过他们确实给互联网世界带来很大的影响。第三代产物 Bittorrent 应运而生。与之前平台不同的是,Bittorrent 去中心化,具有抗审查性。
尽管采用了去中心化系统,torrent 并没有达到想要的效果。错位的激励机制意味着参与者不需要去「播种」文件。「播种」指下载文件后,将其提供给其他参与者。人们播种的越多,网络就越强大,冗余就越高,所有参与者的下载次数就会更多。
这个问题实际上是因为「播种」文件并没有明确的财务激励。在这种情况下,参与者依然愿意播种主要有三个原因:
参与者为了建立或维护名誉(在网上论坛的地位); 参与者默认播种越多文件会鼓励更多人上传新文件,上传更多新文件又会鼓励更多人播种文件; 参与者将其视为表达善意,建立集体,以及表现友谊的一种方式;
虽然随着网络的发展,理论上参与者会可以收获更多价值,但是他们实际上没有理由去参与,却也没有理由去拒绝。大家看出问题了吗?
比特币和加密经济体解决了这个问题:代币化网络的出现是下一次文件共享革命,并且很有可能是最后一次。
代币经济学
在去中心化的加密网络,支配性策略是让参与者的动力来源于为自己服务,而不是像之前一样追求「服务他人在先,自己获利在后」的理想化状态。
根据微观经济学来说,对良好行为的财务激励会大大减少只享用成果而不作出贡献的人,代理问题也会显著减少。
加密经济通过建立无信任的系统改良了激励机制:参与者为了回报最大化做的努力反过来也能帮其他参与者实现回报最大化。
去中心化数据储存及 IPFS 介绍
对于不同形式的去中心化网络,有不同的协议。涉及数据储存时,最主要的是文集文件系统,IPFS。 |
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