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熊市会放大任何一个可能的利空,这次轮到stETH。 & I. X& B: V/ \
从上周五开始,市场上关于stETH脱钩清算的恐慌情绪持续蔓延,这其中很大一部分源于对stETH的不了解。对此,本文整理出关于stETH的8个常识,以降低大量误解带来的不必要影响。
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1 z$ J/ z7 }8 A2 _9 nstETH不会是下一个UST ! U# H; A! f; h) s: `# Q2 D* ]
stETH是质押在以太坊信标链上的ETH,且完全由信标链上的ETH1:1支持,即1枚stETH=1枚质押中的ETH。
2 U- h1 d% S8 M8 a) S' y4 I! f当以太坊合并完成,且信标链开放提现功能时,用户持有1枚stETH可以兑换1枚ETH,因此任何将它与UST等抵押不足的稳定币的比较都是错误的。 # J: J& I! @. L% A, k6 V+ A
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stETH不是GBTC . E% y! M7 V; x1 \ t* \* j) L
stETH是一种ERC20代币,在不断发展的DeFi生态系统中有很高的实用性。 2 `# F/ ]+ E7 S9 c
它自带一个原生的收益率,这是你单独持有ETH所不能获取的。市场里有很多人都愿意为此承担套利风险。 4 p- S4 t- G. { U( J: t
03
( c& L) f$ q$ n1 I: N" p2 J4 R$ y dstETH价格不一定与ETH挂钩
( O0 W7 f5 w4 y X0 O- X7 Z7 mstETH与ETH并没有一个固定的挂钩率,无论二级市场的估值如何,它都会继续被质押。 / u y: A `! a) e
现在能在二级市场上将stETH换成ETH只是为了方便,但同时你也会得到市场对它的估价。 & Y* Z5 q, S2 ?( ~& `, e7 [$ u
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stETH存在套利机会 , d( @6 h' v: p% _: l
一般来说,只要存款没有上限,stETH就不会以高于1ETH的价格交易。 t! t" ]3 k* E% ]
因为其中存在套利: ! o, N1 w/ ]/ C1 R
如果1stETH=1.05ETH,那么我可以将1ETH存入Lido,得到1stETH,在二级市场以1.05ETH的价格出售,获利0.05ETH,这种方式也会推低stETH的价格。 ! r; Y3 a: p, n! Q) z8 P; g5 ~1 S) @ `* w
当stETH的赎回开放后,市场有一个奏效的套利方式: . u' K5 n8 C7 P: l6 v2 q' d2 k
如果stETH以0.95ETH交易,那么我可以用0.95ETH买入1stETH,然后将其赎回1ETH,获得0.05ETH的利润,这种方式会推高stETH的价格。
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! @( ?( W H, f' k1 l f$ [即使合并,赎回仍要等6-12个月 " b- {- q: F( X: s+ G1 a% ]; C
需要注意的是,以太坊合并之后,需要等待状态转换的分叉,这可能需要6-12个月,此时的stETH仍然无法从信标链中赎回ETH。赎回开放后,信标链上还有一个赎回队列,一次可以取消质押的ETH数量是有限制的。
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; n% u. L5 e. v! r; T1 X* s影响stETH价格的四大因素 % n+ j2 D% ?1 s2 s5 Q
有多种原因使stETH暂时高于/低于其抵押品价值,其中包括但不限于:
7 {5 C1 b# I ^+ d" k+ ^流动性溢价风险 Lido协议风险 信标链推迟风险 杠杆玩家清算风险
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; F# u) s: l4 ]/ }引发stETH清算的原因
4 K& M6 y1 n0 ]杠杆清算风险是当前引发恐慌的最大原因。
; y% v/ y- ?7 s前面提过,stETH是一个ERC20代币,可以在DeFi生态系统中用作抵押品,人们将stETH作为抵押品存入Aave,借入ETH,存入Lido以获取stETH,然后再重复这一过程。
2 W" I% q% \+ n/ ~$ H因此,如果人们继续在二级市场上卖出stETH,这些杠杆头寸可能会被清算,从而导致更大的清算级联。目前较大的做市商/操纵者已经退出,但仍有一些留在这里。
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2 M' z* W; x/ M2 i' U/ a* GCelsius可能会也可能不会遇到流动性问题,但他们持有大量的stETH被用作借入稳定币的抵押品。如果出售,这肯定会导致stETH的二级市场价格下降。
3 p, H; U D* a所有这一切的另一面是,无论二级市场如何评价stETH,stETH仍然被信标链上的ETH以1:1的比例支持。
" Z" w, T+ Z- s: I4 Q根据您的时间偏好和风险承受能力,在低价时入手stETH会提高一定的收益水平。
7 M6 S5 n* C+ _7 M. y; U+ |1 q0 `& T例如,如果1stETH的交易价格为0.70ETH(也就是30%的折扣),并且以太坊抵押收益率保持4%的APR。在以太坊成功合并且开放赎回功能的这两年里,你将获得38%的APR,而不是普通质押者8%的收益率(以太坊质押不会自动产生复利)。
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3-5%的负溢价是正常的 0 n. U* \ B4 W- A
那么,是否值得为了收益率而去冒Lido漏洞和流动性不足的风险? & ~. F+ X2 y- c2 Y9 [$ F. \
不是每个人都能接受,但某些套利者一定会做。虽然清算级联很惨,stETH的二级市场价格暂时不会是1:1ETH,但这并不会导致死亡螺旋。
d `5 O9 B) y! d. y i. A我认为,等这波恐慌过去后,stETH可能仍会以低于抵押品价值的价格交易,可能是3-5%的负溢价,这在很大程度上取决于市场情绪。但无论如何,信标链将继续,DeFi会继续,Lido也会继续。
, V' I" w4 F _来源:金色财经 |
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