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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 & i+ [0 ^3 q) X. z3 y
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天朝博弈史* ^$ t& N6 P. d
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 + g7 w4 z o& Z- o: r% }& q, H' t
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
4 e7 e) q* J/ |. r: o2 b4 A《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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" ?# m& z7 V, ?( g; P→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
" V1 m; R5 q8 M) {- B《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
- j$ _8 R$ q8 t. n |- i+ T《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
4 n5 }' L( Y' I8 G( {* w《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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: K2 T! i% \4 j5 C: Y《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 . R/ i; s2 R8 P5 T9 d2 L
* m/ h5 d; G e# J$ M→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛# Q4 l/ s3 M! E w6 |) f
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晋朝0 p9 z# Y$ N. k' G& C( z! d
6 f1 |: a+ f; C$ q: Q东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” : Y; x( ?3 M E( K+ C4 }6 D
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& |# ?) n, r2 T唐朝, x; y, l- _! k, n0 h# Z
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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& I5 K! Q1 }" v8 z( U' q宋朝- Y) ]; p6 }3 {
v4 }" I, P/ q9 k+ J! c5 y9 v6 g+ ^北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 D5 X& P5 B. c" v5 Q
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。2 q8 O5 n3 v+ u2 v: k" Q3 n/ E, y
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”% W* L) x1 D' b) R9 z
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辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝1 J0 ?8 ^; i9 t, M4 g j
- K1 M$ \4 t$ @6 K2 |" o明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。& ]8 v6 l5 ~5 r/ \6 ?; q
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- E; u; v. b8 J3 {! v: q, J清朝, U- G0 M3 P4 ?6 g( Z% p
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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1 v, z% R* V2 q& {康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 " M' k5 m" A# n6 X# o0 ?1 b( [# e* ?5 l
1 c$ `7 o6 o9 L' A0 y雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。1 n. S- D6 }/ g2 H6 b6 M& w: I3 r
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 3 q0 B; _+ p1 S+ o
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。! k# s& q1 {* h# K: I
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 0 n0 w1 O( C6 Z* h& ]# N
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 * ?/ ]$ Z9 |% f1 B3 v
* i0 I$ R, \4 i; x1 G同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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) V7 P7 z" \5 t. H张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
5 d8 ]: Q, k7 \. l( s吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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; F" v. x9 f. O5 f+ F光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 1 A- J" L: p# V" f
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9 y9 I% l" B3 w. ^+ X# d( I% s鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 6 k- j5 v3 v6 ^# ]' }1 ?. z; p
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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