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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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! T' ~+ d1 L* n( B. m天朝博弈史" H& C. R- O* J$ K
! a3 V* e1 ~1 k" [$ h, ^* P/ Y博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
( A; I4 r6 @5 Z. T许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
* }1 ^. z$ o! i! R《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ) [+ ~! J/ u2 C6 S+ G, {
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8 {5 Q0 _+ {" A. S4 F2 D→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 : l* u9 `5 s! G+ m# P) f' V
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
2 y" h$ B3 P6 T4 d# x《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
% H" z3 F+ H( O7 l《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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. H# E' |7 }8 |) G《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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$ w) S- G! t! A1 }→汉朝
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; e4 k, F- R6 s/ h2 g5 r0 |* y汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛2 N6 G9 ` a3 u/ G0 t2 z# y
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→
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- C7 |& j0 N8 j2 S晋朝
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4 T0 _* o7 U; N* ~& L东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ! I( W$ q& N; g" N. g1 u: Y
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唐朝2 s. s: T3 Y* ^! H7 i7 j7 |
, P! f% o9 u- p2 R, e: {唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝1 w) Y3 ~; |( W( e2 D( n% w" \" p' F
2 w( @% S/ v7 Y( S* x! W: M北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
0 f6 G4 {4 [; r# R1 V' Y& p苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金6 E; H! f) \6 Y' [' j+ S. `
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”6 l2 j3 B) `* A9 s! y
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明朝
5 L% N) \1 }' J8 V( R" B2 ~8 r
7 N6 i0 m/ f) f E7 Q; `. C明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。 _/ E$ m6 [# C8 E
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清朝+ j/ {4 C- r, l W
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 8 d( y6 }. U. A4 s H
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
* ~8 }- G# [1 A; V( c5 {/ J+ m+ k( `7 Y+ m6 v; X
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。9 _( b1 Q$ ^7 J
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
; V3 P# o4 O A y. v/ C# w咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。/ ]- s$ l" v5 P* X9 I0 x
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 - e7 O0 x; y, C [& Q
1 q2 d1 v+ d$ o: B6 X- x汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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4 C6 H& b) s% }( ^% s7 O蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 & F: V5 A+ f7 [ ?
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”# w g+ X( S, R& U
3 O% q9 Z# Y3 z* U% I1 l光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” / A$ R4 `* E9 d. u ~
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中华民国- L) O5 C" p' o
0 A, x, P4 m: t/ L: B; b鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
. ]7 z- t# j* M+ h$ x5 x1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 6 Z5 ]# q9 `% Z" k9 t* K
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