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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 % f5 X( A) X7 A- U A2 J6 Q. ?
6 Q' I& N! j4 c) z' l天朝博弈史
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. ^3 \0 N# ^- `" o2 _! T0 T博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
8 P1 h& @- |$ C o1 k1 U许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” , H( ~& d8 n" R* ^. `( p+ e0 X
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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9 J5 d, b( ~7 i. t: C# @, i→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 7 G I! v5 }5 ?3 J* r/ q) m' g
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 1 }/ I: V# o- e2 A( Y" L7 ~
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 1 V8 F9 h, R9 ~) Q: u
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ( {. w; Z9 }! B( q* Z2 H
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→汉朝6 b2 K2 ^ i G
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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1 B; b: B7 E n8 V7 Y5 Q晋朝
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% N z# r: `; ]东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 5 ^' S9 ^" x9 b9 b+ I* \! |
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3 X6 |7 g9 O# j1 l1 u: v( M唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →1 x8 m; G- E: o$ |& t8 R! D
g+ E8 F. p' v- B2 f* l6 \宋朝0 t6 u. l& B" F, R+ I
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
# J+ E7 _( `/ r: ^: y$ r, }苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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4 O! U1 V' s1 g: {6 C0 l9 D1 V《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”) f, T: `" H; s" M. L* E8 \+ }5 u
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→
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辽、金% W7 ^$ j4 { j4 c
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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" f# I9 ?& G( w明朝# w: E" }- M, }7 p0 {
) J- [* F$ N0 w. G& c7 g) y明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。9 F% l B4 q: K0 |
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) G) y4 }5 k' o" f/ b清朝7 H2 k0 A8 i. A' f( N
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 0 Y$ c" M6 [1 |( z
, b; y) U/ s# f6 d2 @康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。* `. o W, T9 U" q5 {: [. R
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
+ c/ k0 f8 @& f, K4 w1 ~8 e咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。 v' S& Z1 ^% k2 f; b, V0 X
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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" X- g; f. b' j+ ?4 `* R汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 6 N* A7 V; Q5 {3 `) m+ E0 V
7 @1 K& [( J: ^! r3 \6 \同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 * v' _! M- I, q7 y' I% F6 |' E
: h: C+ |2 q3 u0 Q& B蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。! G; ?: |* e/ X0 d* D1 S
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
) u& o2 `! e. h; n- U吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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- V, Z9 ~" p. A, V光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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Y( B4 ?% O/ N, D# [& Y1 O鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
c1 N& d6 u8 w5 @# y* Y1 G1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 2 H( @ U7 @2 q1 r+ t- X6 u
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