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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 7 K+ U+ n5 Y9 c* A
Z/ |: z" [; D$ C7 {6 k9 N) R天朝博弈史
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2 w9 x7 X; U1 O3 h博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 % Q1 f9 d, [- n+ x9 `: l/ ^
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ' ~) r; m/ n- t5 {2 X7 h! s k
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 & q; G% Z0 Q3 V) C7 A) Y- Q
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/ G9 ?2 U' b* n→春秋战国( Y7 P$ o1 O- G q& s% e+ u- _( o
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
1 o7 X+ K9 c; ?+ l, A) x《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
3 A p7 E1 `* s5 }( f) S' L《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 0 |" c, a% q+ u( j3 n
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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8 f8 o' w! Q% j5 w0 T) [《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 : E& g( B! S" W' `5 d
0 u t7 a8 W g2 V/ S" J→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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& g) Y2 U& v) L7 o8 e* E# _/ M→; k; a( k$ [0 U `, T
?/ ?" D: D# g1 ~1 Q5 m4 g晋朝
4 d; [( Z2 m1 k4 n, E) X- G2 h/ z+ A5 e
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ! k& ^- Y9 G, |1 h- Q% ]8 Q
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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →" B" B6 O8 C) E
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
* y4 m& G& I% h8 F& ~苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”" z0 f1 A: N! n+ b
, i. A! Y$ a- O8 n→4 ^* b; H5 P6 ] Y" F2 P- k
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' B- I& V4 N- B8 G辽、金# H* w2 F) M0 k D' c
( F1 E9 U/ Z0 u" z辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”1 s0 W. V) ^# I4 q
0 q n1 ?4 r v, b% J7 r→6 X; L/ ?" j7 V1 r
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明朝' ?( t$ i+ c) w3 H- Y
, B& R" I0 H0 S! }2 R5 v, ~% t+ H% C明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝5 D+ k/ y, \, i" D) v
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 0 o9 y6 S: }. t0 H U5 I' M
7 _) I1 Z. A, T$ i, e& n" u康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 ! B" ?& a& T, N, D
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。) _9 A; F; c. a' w- c4 ^* j# {3 h
/ w- F* I3 Q5 |( L" M! B% M清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
& C/ W X* S! {/ t. S咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。2 I2 H5 f9 Z2 z
' m4 D3 c8 ^% d( i! K Y7 M: R2 n洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 9 T3 i" X7 P% }
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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4 [; b* N8 G/ B" h/ h) ~同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
& _/ S8 v* I7 F" s; x/ g吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。” ]0 b" b2 E) @3 u' r
+ U. E% H/ g$ Q2 S光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
' G" w; b2 [% L! O5 U# e1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” * P3 s* l: Y" @5 t) B
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