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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 - h' m2 S' y+ h
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天朝博弈史: c/ T9 {. [* C( ~9 [+ s
; g% b2 d5 k/ ]0 C博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 $ F1 b5 H# _$ V$ Z5 v
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” / L5 V7 M \: k' V+ Q3 T
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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& \( {# ]" e& Z→春秋战国
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& c$ g, i* h5 O! r" G6 U《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
- R9 K8 X2 I4 G* `- n3 s《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 3 U, _2 b, Y- t5 m4 Y- E7 f
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
6 l5 [2 ]/ k$ ]" \1 L《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。. }% H2 q) S5 P7 a$ d
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ( {# l% h! G- i9 L* O$ f8 @
7 q. J" @/ @9 b4 ?. C7 M+ D→汉朝
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k1 {1 I; H' X4 M汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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`9 W3 H4 S8 p- [! S2 I" ~, [→9 V) O, r8 |& d" |; k
$ V) d* @& a4 J. \0 D晋朝2 J& V4 O6 y" q4 d& @0 P# ~- @2 R
6 i# K7 O9 ^5 U4 H东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 4 l, c3 O1 g$ C0 ?
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唐朝
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/ y, `: W0 P# d" E6 s; R唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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- _4 Q+ ?- b! B& a6 Z宋朝
$ @' ]5 d: \9 v; I6 [7 Q1 |5 e( A6 Z J; r4 \/ E
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ! Y$ [) o1 A5 N6 @6 V$ b
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金7 l( k9 Z, v* }. p' V I! \
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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( m& K# X' \9 X* n/ k/ k7 t→( K& W1 n# w9 O' Z
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明朝5 [ p V1 R# K7 n9 v
0 t6 u2 t5 e0 q. r& v6 R4 E. ~4 A" G! A明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。! y% f7 ~; `# q, }# w/ J, n
2 \* P/ k" s+ {# l→$ ^# ]' n e; C; {, J
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4 G0 a9 e' w. \清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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0 t- Y: \ d6 L# U8 \% m0 D康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 5 F% B* i) w9 k2 h8 W6 V$ }
6 s1 w7 ^9 ~/ n' ~; X5 R7 \; f/ R雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。7 g. i3 q8 L! B7 y; r
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
$ l- u6 s/ J4 l; Y8 J9 J9 i咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。, ~9 g( R6 f) e7 R) f
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 + ?: r4 [* d9 `# f* u0 r7 V
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 ! V5 }0 F) C+ I( n( h5 O6 L
/ {& @1 r# D7 k同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 1 h$ P' o. r0 l: T- k
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
0 [) l" |: g0 B! z& z3 ]2 K吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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* c* J4 z/ g4 I6 z/ I. z" O光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 9 h6 K& c( @7 b: l7 X; t/ V' p) U7 Z( B
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中华民国0 ]- S& q) I. s" {- X! p
! s6 U! V: v3 Q* h4 p鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” % I* [) Q2 L# r. G+ d5 d
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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