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天朝博弈史" d& c. X# d- ]
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 . B4 Y8 {: @0 [( y
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
" M# I% y1 v1 a4 N《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ' h1 C. [" a% H. N* V, U
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, q7 |* b+ H' L B- X→春秋战国! D; b9 W6 r& W' Q# T/ r, @. k
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
: {- X$ l: |6 \: ?: _《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
" G+ `' N1 O* v! S/ S; z《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
( d) E0 Y: t. v+ T& f《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。* g7 E) l' e, T
+ b9 n5 e' Y/ }8 S! s《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 0 j' j- ?6 C8 U" M) s
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→汉朝 r! n- Q8 X1 A5 O
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6 N5 F E, _7 v1 R& [8 ^# k汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛, f/ a! A, l& ]) B' M) W/ l$ S- s! F
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ) q9 Q) q( s# A* K( R
→
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, l, ]( t& B' o! F6 Q3 V唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →8 ]3 ^7 J, m9 D( t' K r0 q
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
7 u! N( {. V) G苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。* \- {; u' q, u% }6 H
; g& F- ^2 S, N; K4 K% j《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ `6 C. M+ F- b6 ]( `
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! Z& a5 \8 f. G( m5 P) Q* R辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”: ~. j' O1 S9 \# o
; ~7 m0 R1 O/ }9 x# I! Z→( h. O1 X( k/ J: N" G# R7 d' x0 \
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/ ?2 t- Q6 I& S- F# G+ d& ~明朝. a6 o5 @- d. C8 B6 e
# {' p" ~# z/ j9 g' w) b明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。. b2 }# ~" Z7 x& S$ a _" c/ U; S( m; N
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' D( W2 c& s3 F4 |清朝
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8 a9 v0 H5 a) ^ @: {3 g《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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8 U8 ~: n8 J7 J* V! U& ` C% ?康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
: C% L7 `- ^( x+ r2 q咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。9 J9 F7 s& u$ x. u/ i
* s, r5 q& B! W5 l' j& I9 X6 i洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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* T4 P o6 b: D" L$ H汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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( _$ Q, z4 {- |同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 $ ?& L# @ P8 R5 }) i& @$ w4 q
; O9 e- o" k7 K; u- m* d% \( V9 h蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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* Y @% l) `9 o4 J张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 1 J* j R4 z: X2 S( s+ j
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”3 x. ^. _* H7 k. X
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” : ]$ [7 o* m. C
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中华民国! x B5 {* Y. n- ^# T) H
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” + _" p: I7 e1 _1 b, w$ f
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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