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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 # l% C* q7 Y7 M" y% X; T) c9 H
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天朝博弈史( \- C9 W" F% D& W1 M+ R' W- V* I
1 J; p# R( X0 |& R1 k2 p/ h$ h博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 . Z/ l! |8 Z, W$ n7 @4 ?! O; C
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” - n( ^ S$ V) y& L7 {! E3 w4 g
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国
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6 p2 m6 O, ~1 U2 Q《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ! m$ a1 E3 z+ m3 p
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
' x/ f4 i& W2 B' W6 x$ C《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ' N) w3 Q0 u3 `' w/ c! u
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。7 s) @: u& N1 e) j
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 3 G3 ?( x4 b& Q7 A
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→汉朝$ [1 ~9 S% h$ E# V; S
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2 P# Q7 @( g4 b" x- D汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 4 y) u% E0 q* ]% e
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唐朝
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: @) q+ v" }% S! S/ C: I唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 → K- G& ?5 h% y, ?! T
7 j* B1 i5 k3 O" x( G# v3 A" {宋朝* K9 K- g9 c9 U9 g; _
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
! {7 M; w. B: ^1 o苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。. [9 J/ f' U' A5 A, y+ U/ N
5 h' }+ y' M( c' O《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”% l1 E) e8 t7 p9 n
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辽、金5 S7 l. S, h0 M4 T
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”7 ^. a! A% m2 h* p4 g
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→
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# O' y( y( I- d) O7 s明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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$ W. w0 u4 D7 R( s$ ~6 R) P7 p清朝, k7 F9 a, f) M% s1 Z0 p {2 M3 c
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 8 e* D/ K# d9 P+ e
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 $ p% w2 l1 p: ~5 K9 _" V# L
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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8 E q$ ?% s7 I! e" V清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
" Q+ s: V2 r) v' i2 h咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。# R! p5 I2 b4 z/ S0 y) D
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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" c) ^$ f; Z7 H9 [& m1 r1 ^! m汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 7 M, B) F+ P1 Z8 Y
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。& C& G" ]" l5 Q0 l- T/ Y( B8 Q2 s
. L0 I+ i' u# Q张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 % C5 j) B: m7 U5 e
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”+ R) X& U s0 R* r7 Z. |8 E
2 Y- t' r7 N2 J" o; {光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” ! [2 d: |$ g! M, ]: T6 N; p2 a! H
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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