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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 1 M7 S" C: O) i$ L3 F
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天朝博弈史
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9 T3 J8 K; `0 r! f) e+ C2 f/ S博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 7 p1 C# i+ C% z* q
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 6 Z3 b8 M6 H+ q- s }7 ?+ n' n: e( v
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 9 j. m8 S0 {* a' L6 k( J9 D$ L6 v; q
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→春秋战国& t! q @& N) p$ f
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ) b9 o" r# Z" }3 I- s
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 4 ^# M {' z$ V# V, {
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
# V$ q5 q! x; b/ s《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。2 m) k: c) k1 |
6 ^) e! z0 u T: J' k) F# p《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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7 ^+ _ H8 R% Y- ?# Q- a) S* i→汉朝% \- ~- e7 p( u- v% z% [4 s7 w; |; S
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- u. m2 D& i9 V; H/ M" f汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝# t, d# C( L& l8 c# ~
3 u6 b% ~9 K0 ]6 P4 v6 t& T+ K4 \东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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4 ~- P( Z8 c( ]9 l. Z6 Y/ x唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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4 q6 {" M6 K& V+ [) I宋朝+ Y8 v. {6 E( M, ?
; c3 }0 W0 p2 Q% h0 `* C0 ^北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
& h# ~- T# I7 I! j, f$ h苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。' {9 k( w- D' l# K/ e# Z
5 |' \+ \! J% }" s% ]! q; ^《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”0 b9 \, v, [# g) y3 E
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→
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6 V3 \' {4 }* [* ~' }+ v$ T辽、金9 U! [0 a# M* ?$ l
" N [2 X% ?' q% W7 S. d4 X3 j4 i辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”7 r/ d' L. K4 O3 i# j2 s
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6 m+ f4 |; u; |$ Q( |% H% g明朝
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; |+ \( J1 q; l q& _/ u# }明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 & l5 y8 t0 Y1 {$ a: S
1 n3 H3 ?; R# f2 R雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。, b0 b% M4 Y6 |/ x) G" L( Z
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 7 G/ B& r. D$ w0 Y
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。7 W" D. b W8 W" f( Y% X9 L h
, i) }' S7 h) s/ t% `) o洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ; w: n5 P' J' ^) a3 l, D
6 `; U }4 H$ |: [0 G v) Y9 M汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 & e" T+ Z- v( ?2 A
' N. Z5 \9 a4 {* s# r+ |同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 + k' C" `. N) Y. Z/ a" j
6 E4 r" f3 R- U( t3 ?$ |! Q9 j& ]蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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0 ^/ L, a& ~6 e$ e i6 W张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
' h; }* J: C+ q! U A& @- Q% ~吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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: W3 [2 @6 j+ N1 ^光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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7 Q+ E/ O" @- b: D$ y: e0 w2 e鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
0 A! H$ _9 s% F9 t4 {1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” * T) k: G- b7 K" D
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