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天朝博弈史
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+ A X/ n: }8 b: b( d& @博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
8 \1 @5 M0 B4 G% V- O4 Q0 S1 I2 f许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ; X2 M0 S2 W* M' F
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 * T, M4 y, x7 I- _
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→春秋战国" J, W9 O: a" s% a0 |3 Z0 H
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
/ `4 Z9 W$ ~9 _% }% o《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
' v2 }. m( m4 e' n《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 2 S) f1 }* Q: O" K/ i& D
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。: a) R* a: L/ N5 y7 z" L; q
x/ v* V: F/ l* f0 l《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 4 b& M D; P5 j( y
0 a" F/ h, P" v5 _+ p→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛7 a# s2 w4 c, m
- x3 d" C( B: V2 [→& y4 E @$ G4 _) {! W7 Z! v& @
; w8 O1 Z$ \& [% n) a3 \; T
晋朝
4 a) H1 r4 D& i9 T$ {7 f0 h x+ V+ \+ R2 j
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
* ]9 l w. U8 v/ N* l% H→0 k/ |* d0 G U
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唐朝: B. V0 a2 c% l% L9 {0 z' y+ K
" F7 N3 ?* Y) Z( |6 U. o唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝8 H) _- t) Y5 @
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 . [$ A: ] O0 ~6 k7 _! g5 X! m
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
8 S9 |; }$ g# d* D. t; k " v1 D* L, }# P) ~' t
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
) ?' ?8 z# C# z: M/ P % p4 L& H+ m1 L
→
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- O* a* H+ n( d A辽、金
6 H, T7 m) n3 w) \# a6 t! Z1 K* Z5 H% P, ?0 Q* f
辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
0 Z W- ]- H0 {
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明朝! w- Q. f7 }& M' w' j0 b9 G/ B7 B
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。0 ^' \8 R: t, M
: ]" G3 g1 y0 e( z
→
& n2 u* _- r X0 j) T! b( B* }. R# s1 v4 H% W# P, t$ X
( h0 o% O. m8 D. v$ g清朝
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' n+ ^9 }/ `6 `+ n# N5 C《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 6 ]! a# Z/ ]% s# v
) \+ f t: ^# l( `; q7 p" Y
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
h5 e+ p- d! @) f# }; h3 k9 W0 r% F, i4 T
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。; i, D/ F. ~6 O
& D3 H( B1 R% w$ c+ y清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
( P$ A, y% v8 f% A2 }- a咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。2 o( m7 U! J9 T
$ G, o8 K2 q1 a; c. `' ?1 q
洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 6 X/ w& n. H+ E8 d7 j
' c/ Z7 y: \: U$ t同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 V5 R& ?: X r# |$ s1 Z) F* l7 W
' l Y% ^0 |. f: k蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
' K1 U! k1 {/ a# @% Z ~吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 5 z# `! [ M+ T2 C: q
→
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9 V8 m3 U$ M8 s% _中华民国$ K% b4 e D5 x i
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
. K; _' F5 m0 \* v% y; u! @+ ~1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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