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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史# X& Z0 d0 Y( c0 a, ?
T7 @/ K/ Z8 G/ x$ b" t博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
5 ~2 Z: Y" ?) r( Z8 C: }许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” % Y4 G+ h( Y9 s4 u* ^" K
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
% j2 Y3 J, z# Y8 B《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
9 y' L$ |( A: U C) D5 c r3 @4 \/ p《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ; i/ p- A2 {4 a. J9 I. ~& L! {
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛: c& \' l3 I1 {5 n" M( C# b
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晋朝% \0 C8 d# Z3 i6 N
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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% \2 u/ ~: r7 T* r1 f4 W* w( u唐朝! O# Q' \( X2 Z! {# d
) c c! }1 R c5 T: s! t4 S唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →/ y5 G$ S; O" ]! u- \
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宋朝# `5 l# c" ]0 ]0 m d
4 Q' p$ c, e7 }; v8 g, F北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
- _3 M* T; b# J; Q' h; Q6 l苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。+ o- F* a5 X0 ~7 Z' z+ R. C
) W. y& F ?9 i" W& t& _# X5 ]《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”1 l& P9 s$ ?7 X! V' r9 z4 ?
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9 ^! m* N( S7 k8 \1 Z9 o/ E辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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/ H9 Q" N0 |4 Z1 j$ X6 \. ]% ?明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。7 o" x4 E' V' q3 A
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清朝
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1 L/ y# O, \1 M; j( |; L《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 / {# e+ A, b! e1 x# o
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 . p; B: y7 M6 k, t& U
9 q" p) b* b, f" ?雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。' p) T. O: G* S2 r& z
F) i9 w$ B7 a" j$ z! m清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
* `3 O3 I4 G' L5 e% |$ U3 |* `咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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5 `# _) |1 O+ n: Q洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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) k$ L( \# T" g0 L汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 2 C6 Y/ l) g8 L% I N$ B
7 R0 A7 R0 ?, s$ C" e8 r5 E2 X同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ' C- L% J% K, _
0 u( ^) O! t9 J* l0 F% H蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。& D& A! @4 H* S9 ]) g( {( G: T& v
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 & d6 _: ^; w' F" h: e
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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, q9 c7 u- p( d4 p! O光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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" d7 p' R1 u( r中华民国
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3 R5 d' c# a2 O, K2 z- @6 e鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” * K+ b5 Q# ], ?; B
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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