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& G5 M" z w# }- N5 d天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 % l3 B2 K3 _! T" P# m0 G' l# w6 V6 P& z
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
6 J* s3 ^- {. ]; B0 {* ^《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 6 F' r# U8 H+ {& m8 H; l$ v
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→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
8 j% A7 k, D, }4 R《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 7 E7 S9 R$ i; b
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 8 I! H' P1 J1 L/ ?5 f% d
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。6 S( Y" V# F. {4 U2 T) p. k
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝% W# w/ f! e/ _& F$ o9 v' i" o2 m
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* k1 s* \( M6 J' w2 u$ R0 r& O汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
9 `9 f1 o; v& G" F. L# j% s6 q0 T4 W0 o/ L' Y' f. ~# H
晋朝8 [2 S4 h, V: g/ f0 j
* O+ h" ^3 M2 ?: k1 i- j! r东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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. S8 F$ U+ _. Z. a5 D5 I唐朝
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' Y! _+ L$ I* U$ f唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →/ }! I. H9 n) ?6 t: A
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宋朝7 |2 y. J+ [7 S0 { [+ S4 Z; h: [
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
) P4 m( \" d$ h1 l) n& P, K, P% [苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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+ x+ n2 @9 f& a. [《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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; Y; `6 N: {9 \2 S$ I0 E3 f辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”; b; ~3 P4 G$ p; S
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明朝
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2 f( x) _" }9 |明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。# f( P5 V9 N, s6 E/ H
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清朝3 |0 P' o, {2 V3 ?7 q! W* ~
) t9 h* `( L$ B% K$ {+ a《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 + ^0 M' T2 Y! ?: I* Q$ X# E
+ f0 E) t* f) r( N% w康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 " i6 R! _$ M9 b! E
. t* h) G4 I6 R# E' U& w) Q雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。2 }: e3 l3 n/ G$ b* C" A- E
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
* ]+ f+ Z) \( V* M( W# {咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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# y* w: b. a j, H% O洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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2 c6 V/ Z4 q" J4 T9 ~( w汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 , ?" o) Q, {! M( ^& M% \
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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- F/ j$ J3 N1 w5 L' h蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。; F" c5 b2 M5 @# P5 v
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ; H3 I* V; o7 {; y8 F5 c; f# B l
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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- Z1 H2 f4 X# ` d+ ^ v* ~7 \$ a/ u鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
% A: H6 Y0 y3 P$ Z1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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