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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史& t/ O @ Z( j( U* k7 n- U
& N2 c4 E( O+ e& F1 n博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ' Q0 Q$ T, H1 H3 M% G
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
% W0 ]* [5 X( |1 N. w- U《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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# j, q- n4 M9 a. K→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 % A( e& h" C0 t
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 % ]: f4 Z) Q3 L, t) a
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
# i, N9 m4 C6 K, B《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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( T6 Z' ~7 o. w8 _3 [% y《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 5 C% q- [/ M2 q2 G" T
7 v, l7 U# F0 _+ |9 D" |; t/ B$ h- K→汉朝5 N1 s3 O% R5 c* v; s0 d; N
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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* p T1 W# j9 }: E晋朝- X" s' K# ~' h4 T
3 u* n5 ]9 M. _: M: G0 C& K# p5 Q. I东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝- L7 S8 O' m" h- a3 t1 h
, ~# `& d6 w# ]6 D唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →& D. w4 F$ T: s) q2 G! U
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
; L" ?; A& `2 [; o: K: D! N苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。+ g$ _- R/ q. I
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”: \6 z. ~- B$ V) P# [/ i6 K
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→
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辽、金
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) x9 e7 l* U. ]+ v. h辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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+ U; P) @" r$ i+ J* B明朝
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/ X1 F9 t% q+ J, I: C. u明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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6 N# [0 z' Y8 Z! q* f→
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9 p2 J7 ]( a7 F3 M! O清朝
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+ Y$ O# Q) M! d! O0 B, G" t《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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/ A* h* A, Z$ T3 [( l康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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" K) n# E2 R5 n" }2 _" k雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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$ P1 f1 a: X. P, G/ s5 A$ n4 J8 z清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” % l+ v N# u5 Z6 Q
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。' P7 X/ c9 g, _- i [) e3 ~7 m
' m/ q; z6 B, v& h+ b洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ) D% c4 q/ Z9 _- M
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 ( |# g4 E5 ^! ^, r# F/ w4 B3 m
; |! j: f5 x) o# k4 L1 M; G同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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2 z# T$ n% W: n8 R蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。; T/ T) n, `3 D; r, b; Z0 B* f
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
; ]5 \6 h4 \, H4 S% J: Z: D吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 8 m. c+ X/ w X! e* ^! s
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# {" j; o: S% s: D6 k" R8 a鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
0 Q) Y: D) a5 ]7 G( Q% F1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” . N* _( o5 m7 u V3 A, l
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