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/ z% k+ v! l E& L; m' r天朝博弈史
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7 u0 y# I* g b8 J; n, y# J+ R博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
- B- M* ]; f. B' x, g0 e5 P许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ; `) ]: k0 Q8 _5 Q9 l
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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% h1 ~6 O+ y [- a. h3 @8 J! c4 \! T! y→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
- z& ?9 Q/ \6 Z8 p2 w《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 " \+ {' G* u& @% Y
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” , o) G4 Q+ h* r' O! D
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。 c! y) Y! o+ J, w R @
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 + D9 N2 `. n3 K
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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4 S+ C1 ~0 V v# g晋朝
7 N% J* P5 e' Y' ?- w% Q2 U+ E! s6 K1 V8 S2 B+ \# G5 M1 }' W
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 8 e8 f: B' _5 V
→* W, ^, H9 K3 \! ~
2 @. ?9 v% l* } t7 p3 m唐朝1 y1 V8 [ j2 z* L
8 U) H' }2 c) P {7 `6 ]唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →( y7 ^* w. q# W
0 j# a! @) E2 y6 V. _宋朝) y" D$ f# o8 C4 v+ {& P$ a; F
8 m: w! o3 T' x% ?
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
9 J$ m. K+ G5 ]1 D- I' s苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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^& D* x6 G' o' I9 ]《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”( p, _+ L' r" S9 P6 s3 d
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辽、金
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% b7 q! s, _0 {0 {4 S辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→
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" x/ x7 }, O+ Y4 N: n6 }明朝! X: k7 {% F( [4 c0 Y7 h( P
& Z& \ s4 n- C6 J) }% ]
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。# o4 S( \; }" x$ k: g
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→
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ( J, X t& y/ m/ M! W
3 H. X0 L8 h- \1 j6 L, {康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
4 V y! B3 u% ]( B" m: x% y0 l* ?5 y4 X. a) \
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。& V2 l! |7 g2 t2 v
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 6 i4 A% }/ ]7 J3 Z' N) ]1 y
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。+ D5 `, N5 n) O) Q3 M% d5 U- i
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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3 w8 D& h2 R+ r ]汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 $ n2 x0 Y5 s5 A8 a8 Q# z) o6 Q
6 v( E& S- Q/ Y' b2 y' ]
蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 . r/ W: X) b' ^& J+ N1 _
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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; X" _ p7 V2 M x! A! {* _2 y中华民国
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+ [9 ?$ x/ _+ e鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” / x5 W; s8 K& W( o; F" B
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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