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' c% `& l. ]0 [! A3 ~天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
% k. x5 A h0 `许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
8 n3 f. v+ A2 E; E3 w《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 % B8 H0 f3 \( _* X9 \% b$ X3 r$ a
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2 S, s i) Y8 v6 G→春秋战国
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: H& f0 z; @9 z4 t6 V. Q3 C0 E7 y《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 8 a5 U l# b" B! }; o# [2 Q5 |' b8 l
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
+ A0 [4 B- E* s- v. B- N《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
' p1 z5 [' z2 g6 A/ g3 ?《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。7 p0 c C- {# F9 l& m4 P& F
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝" i' D- G2 P+ Q
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) w# b2 q3 E, l汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝. K7 C. J4 {2 @
5 R, k8 d1 B+ u/ ?4 b8 r东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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7 h& D1 D) F* x2 }- F1 i6 [0 s唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 % J m& }: N4 b- o
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。. f6 }9 o3 q* `& e# ?3 G3 N
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”; ?1 z4 y' Q6 D7 l8 O3 ^0 w9 A
7 D0 E2 \4 P& @3 \) K→- N2 S H9 C6 u2 b4 [$ J7 D
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' Y3 T2 i4 I1 G# w6 Y# w+ C辽、金
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1 y4 b! r, F* e% l0 Z/ ^8 t辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→3 [8 { A7 `# C% y' m1 t
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; [( q4 `. V6 d$ Y* g! t# D明朝* |/ F3 C) ^. ]
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝0 A \( }3 \5 m) L% a8 c( L
3 o+ D5 O% H$ X《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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% Z+ N3 a/ M7 k2 p5 r8 O* u2 B8 h康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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$ f4 T$ b% j) \8 c雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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( I7 X2 _$ b7 s2 a% T清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
0 l. m7 _2 A6 ^- B/ h% a咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。/ W, S' `0 u, @3 s. {
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 9 K- R$ {# G% |: I2 N
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 7 s8 q+ A& K$ r$ V0 I
/ j. D7 i h7 m1 b同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 : Q, X$ N8 t! N2 v% n7 u* m: H
+ v( b' S6 Z4 H$ f A; v蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。9 m7 _/ k2 A: h4 J3 o
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
Y) i; I& m1 j- z, x0 D吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”; h0 D0 w- f7 R6 t9 Y( w5 b
5 c0 o- Y# t; X& n: M光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” ' Y6 `8 W# h8 m8 H7 _; Y
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 8 N% k8 O. x E$ w1 l, P
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