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天朝博弈史* @5 a" W/ I( z9 |4 P3 N
0 G! m+ n3 g/ M. D v0 V/ l博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
; T$ K u5 x4 R6 J0 x8 D2 {9 j$ s# B许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
1 R' C1 r N# }( M% J J) G) X《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 9 _2 n+ M' E- f5 f
' {# m8 T0 ^1 o' W) {
4 m1 Z J: Z, i' \3 ^7 ^9 W→春秋战国: X2 z$ F9 q8 u0 d ~
) R* |8 L) L! O( p( _* `+ x5 \( D9 |《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 , S: R9 h8 @$ O: @/ I4 f% P
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 * M' |9 Q. B( A9 t. A9 ?
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
p) G1 h3 A% ^' y《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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" O' h/ X* v5 |( D# a; j9 l《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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! ^) B( t8 h% M& x" W→汉朝 q: v2 Y. I" k M2 x9 ^
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- Z- U# }2 n" z: [汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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3 [) Q z3 \- T6 G& Y0 `晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
g1 k) ?7 o# K5 ^; i0 N8 h! p→# a( g1 o' ?" c" {, T
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唐朝4 {" F8 I- y* p/ l( f
) [" l/ {' ~- z) x% I2 w唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝- k0 y, v$ T* A5 ]0 y
6 z) K- E. N/ G7 H
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
, i: q6 K% n; C6 |) m" P G- U7 F苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
4 W. g! H% P4 t * H) s1 X% w! _/ X" M! k! ]8 @
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”+ p; ?' y# W0 A6 h" P! M
% j/ R$ M2 L @1 W1 h→* w# R& d, g0 l+ q& U6 F# a6 q1 b+ E
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I* v4 m5 q% G3 Z2 N7 l辽、金
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9 L( b& o/ \0 Q$ E. s辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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9 J9 }: p0 J. p; a8 ~ @→7 V1 L7 B [- I% {2 w
k7 D, k( _! `& o$ s; @9 j( ?! @+ Q& ^) q
明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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. { K" H6 Z2 }# O' E0 c7 T→) K. i' A$ j* }5 F) p. |
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0 B7 e7 }5 J" h/ O8 E! \' p* d& ?清朝
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1 u: `8 `: n6 b( J2 u1 F《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 # O# d5 {# @; L
" j* q6 G2 W- ?. C; B, c7 p& H康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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2 |. ?( C/ v9 o- d雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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v% e4 p1 M/ l( v% l清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 7 B' ~; z! A. d( `2 H
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。: {1 G5 _5 \& k$ e
3 T- e4 f9 z8 u; e洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 5 B; |. s/ a3 F# P3 K
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 0 T! W7 o9 c, S" ~
9 ?9 }, D2 P3 k/ P4 Y, b同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
# d& h/ }* O3 q0 ] U& q吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” ; {7 c# b7 U5 u! P3 y0 s8 x
→
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8 m- J$ g* {( {7 {# @) ?中华民国; u8 l/ \) ?/ ~$ \+ ]2 }% o
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 5 S! I" T s5 p2 C$ n" {# M6 g
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” % {$ Z+ J3 ?9 z! O2 G4 @
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